All men enjoy working on cars
Men are not nurses, they are doctors
Men do “dirty jobs” such as construction and mechanics; they are not secretaries, teachers, or cosmetologists
Men do not do housework and they are not responsible for taking care of children
Men play video games
Men play sports
Men enjoy outdoor activities such as camping, fishing, and hiking
Men are in charge; they are always at the top
As husbands, men tell their wives what to do
Men are lazy and/or messy
Men are good at math
It is always men who work in science, engineering, and other technical fields
Men do not cook, sew, or do crafts
Strength - physical and intellectual
Power
Sexual attractiveness (which may be based on the above)
Physique
Independence (of thought, action, finances)
Representation of Women:
Beauty (within narrow conventions)
Size/physique (again, within narrow conventions)
Sexuality (as expressed by the above)
Emotional (as opposed to intellectual) dealings
Relationships (as opposed to independence/freedom)
Young
Slim
Overwhelmingly white
Conforming to our image of ideal beauty (perfect skin, hair and alluring gaze).
Nigel Farage - EU Representation
Nigel Farage is being critical of refugees. He is implying that the UK cannot handle this many refugees, as they do not have the refugees or resources. This is an attempt to persuade UK residents to vote for Brexit. The red capitalised letters stating "Breaking Point", are eye-catching, and imply that the UK is at its breaking point and cannot control too many refugees. The vast amount that is depicted here, is intended to scare readers and persuade them to vote for Brexit.
Stereotypes:
Youth/Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Race
Regional identity
In a 1999 research paper Ann Gould identified 6 key stereotypes in the media’s representation of youth. These are:
Rebellious
Artificial tribe
Sexual
Nihilistic
Violent
Self-destructive
The Imbetweeners stereotypes -
In the Imbetweeners, youth are presented as being Sexual. For example, as soon as one of the boys parents leave, he immediately begins sexual activities. Youth are also presented as being Rebellious, this is made apparent, by the way that two of the boys kick over some flowers, in someone else's garden. Youth can also be Nihilistic, which is made apparent by their lack of care of consequences, for example, when they plan to have a party, when one of their parents leave town.
Laura Mulvey:
She was a theorist and a feminist
Mulvey, came up with the concept on male gaze in 1975.
Here Mulvey wrote a very influential essay ‘Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema’. Stating that women are used for visual pleasure- women are made to seem like sexual objects through voyeurism.
she argued that women took the passive part of a film and that all men played an active part, in her eye the women were objects
Laura Mulvey:
She was a theorist and a feminist
Mulvey, came up with the concept on male gaze in 1975.
Here Mulvey wrote a very influential essay ‘Visual pleasure and Narrative Cinema’. Stating that women are used for visual pleasure- women are made to seem like sexual objects through voyeurism.
she argued that women took the passive part of a film and that all men played an active part, in her eye the women were objects
Van Zoonen – feminism and patriarchy.
Van Zoonen believes the media portray images of stereotypical women and this behaviour reinforces societal views.
The media does this because they believe it reflects dominant social values (what people believe in) and male producers are influenced by this. This is a patriarchy (a society ran by men for men) which dominates and oppresses women.
GQ Magazine:
Lana Del Ray is objectified in the front page, and is depicted as being naked and in a feral position. This creates a sense of vulnerable. The camera is slighly at a higher angle than she is, this is done so the reader can view her from a higher position. and look down on her. A female is used specifically in order to obtain more views. She is depicted as being slim, and is wearing a fair amount of makeup, in order to be viewed as a sexual object, and catch the male target audiences eye. She is also posing in a defensive way, in order to be viewed as being cute.
Representation of Regional Identity:
Regional identity is identifying a persons identity which is rooted not only in the setting of the film but also in speech, costumes etc and in the region they live in.
South England – often shown as being the centre of culture, modern, classy, clever, sunny, richer, doing middle class jobs such as managers, etc.
North England – often shown as being poorer, bad weather, lower class, aggressive, less culture, less clever, doing working class jobs such as builders, etc.
Hegemony
Gramsci’s theory of hegemony can be visualised as the Middle classes (media, Judges (rule of law), Public, Education sector and religious bodies) using their influence to preserve the status quo.
The poor and working class are often represented in an unsympathetic /biased way (trouble makers, deviant as a means of preserving the power of the middle and upper class).
This is illustrated in the attached images
Hegemony (theory) does not only apply to class it is relevant to gender (patriarchy) and race…
Nairn (1988) – Monarchy
Upper class
Mainly represented through the coverage of the monarchy,
Seen as well bred and cultured,
Represented through their accents, estates, and a taste for shooting and hunting,
Usually represented in costume and period drama.
“Royal Family” concept = niceness, decency, ordinariness,
Royal family can be deemed to be “like us” but “not like us” – the queen seen as ordinary working mother doing extraordinary things,
Portrayal usually negative and stereotypical,
Portrayed in the form of statistics in news bulletin such as figures of unemployment,
Recent media interest in the labelling of the poor such as “chavs” which according to Shildrick and MacDonald (2007) suggest that the poor are undeserving of sympathy,
Hayward and Yar (2006) – the term chav is used as an amusing term of abuse for young poor people
Presented in the stereotypical context of traditional working class communities such Eastenders and Corrie, Shameless
Community values often praised but do not reflect reality,
Working class communities have declined with the collapse of traditional industries such as coal mining,
Often presented in the context of trouble, undesirable welfare scroungers, unable to cope with their delinquent children.
The use of the words "Vile" and "Welfare" paint him in a negative light. This also links to the picture, as he is depicted with 6 of his children, he is wearing Adidas, while the children are wearing ragged clothing, which links to the story. This is Anchorage. This is used by Daily Mail to create a negative view on the working class. and draw them as being needy and that they drain resources that are payed by workers in taxes. Demonisation of people, who are unemployed. The use of "products", connotes that they are objects. "Benefit cheats", draws them as abusers of the benefit scheme.
Newman (2006) argues that there are very few situation comedies, television or drama which focuses on the everyday lives of working class who constitute a significant section of society,
Newman argues that when in the media working class are often depicted in a very non positive light dumb buffoons (Homer Simpson) and immature machos (Phil Mitchell),
Butsch (1992) – working class portrayed as flawed individuals (benefit cheats, etc.)
Hegemony is a way to describe people or ideas that become—and seek to remain—dominant in society. Development of the term “hegemony” in media studies follows the work of Antonio Gramsci and Stuart Hall.
Shameless Season 4 Episode 1:
There is a lot of violence, for example scene where they fight in the bathroom. Smoking is also heavily featured, which links to the fact that he doesnt work, and is on benefits. There are stereotypical houses, as they look messy and dull. They are also not independent, as they all live together, but they are dysfunctional. The music is comedic. The characters are also shown as being rebellious, which has been represented by the fact that they have started a fire, this shows that they have no respect for society and authority. The camera is very shakey, which symbolises the chaotic lifestyle. There also is a vast amount of swearing, which also takes place infront of children, which shows made parenting. The same logic applies to sexual behaviour, which also takes place in front of kids. and also leads to poor parenting. They also use stereotypical accents, as the show takes place in Manchester.
Stereotyping – theoretical perspective Dyer (1979) suggested that stereotypes are always about power – those with power stereotype those with less power. Hence he argued there were more recognisable stereotypes of gay men, non-white racial groups, the working class and women in society , and alternatively it was perhaps not so easy to point to media stereotypes of white, middle class, heterosexual men.
Representation of race in the media can consist of the same sort of rigid stereotypes that constitute gender portrayal.
Stereotyping of race is seen as more harmful than stereotyping of gender, as media representation may be the only experience of contact with a particular ethnic group that an audience may have (especially children and young people)
Racial stereotypes are often based on social myth perpetuated down the ages.
Four key themes in racial representation:
exotic
dangerous
humorous
pitied
